Functionality of skeletal implants

The mechanical testing of joint endoprostheses and orthopaedic implant systems enables a preclinical design optimisation and functional evaluation. This permits to reduce the number of animal and cadaver studies that should be ethically avoided as far as possible, as well as decrease the risks in clinical studies.

Question:
How can joint endoprostheses or orthopaedic implants be designed more physiologically and tested closer to reality?

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